5.6 Oaxaca - ordinary least squares estimation with decomposition of group specific effects
The oaxaca command is a tool to measure whether there are systematic differences between two groups, e.g. men and women, and the differences
are further decomposed into an explained and an unexplained component.
The command performs a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition1 that is used to explain differences in the mean value of the dependent variable for two
groups. The difference is decomposed into two components: Explained difference ("between group") and unexplained effect (coefficient
effect). Similar to the regress command, continuous dependent variables such as e.g. wage are used. The difference is that you specify the two groups through the by-variable when using oaxaca.
The by-variable used for grouping must be categorical, but can have both numeric and alphanumeric value formats. The value that is ranked first (numerically or alphabetically) is linked to group 1. If the variable contains more than two values, the two values that are ranked first are used, while the others are kept out of the analysis.
The standard solution used is "three-fold", and you get the main numbers:
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The difference in the average value of the dependent variable measured for each of the two groups: mean(group1) - mean(group2)
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Decomposed difference: Explained, unexplained and simultaneous effect
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Number of units belonging to the two respective groups, as well as which value codes are used
By using the pool option, the system will use a so-called "two-fold
pooled" approach where the decomposition uses the overall average as a
reference value (simultaneous effect is not reported in this approach).
The most common use is to analyse systematic differences in economic variables such as wages, and compare men against women. But other types of groupings can also be used.
Example of using oaxaca:
The difference in mean value reported by oaxaca differs slightly from the difference found by using the summarize command on the dependent variable for each of the two groups. The reason is that descriptive statistics generated through commands like summarize are subject to winsorization (right and left censorship). Regression results from commands such as oaxaca, on the other hand, are not winsorized, and show the correct difference.
More information on winsorization and other disclosure protection mechanisms can be found in appendix C.
Footnotes
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The method is based on the principles described in Ben Jann's Stata Journal article (2008): https://www.stata-journal.com/sjpdf.html?articlenum=st0151. The Python implementation used in microdata.no is described here: https://github.com/statsmodels/statsmodels/blob/main/statsmodels/stats/oaxaca.py. ↩